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現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的定義
1.表示到說(shuō)話(huà)人說(shuō)話(huà)時(shí)已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作，卻對(duì)現(xiàn)在仍有影響或結(jié)果。
例如：
He has lost his book.
他丟了他的書(shū)。
2.表示事情開(kāi)始于過(guò)去，卻一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在還在進(jìn)行的事情。
例如：
He has taught in our school for 30 years.
他在我們學(xué)校教書(shū)已有 30 年了。
3.表示從過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間直到現(xiàn)在的這個(gè)時(shí)間范圍內(nèi)不斷重復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況，并且這個(gè)不斷重復(fù)的動(dòng)作有可能繼續(xù)下去，也有可能到現(xiàn)在就結(jié)束。
例如：
My father has always gone to work by bike.
我父親一向騎車(chē)上班。
4.同一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)可以表示將來(lái)一樣，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)也可以在時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句里表示將來(lái)。
例如：
I'll wait until he has written his letter.
我愿等到他把信寫(xiě)完。
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現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成
1.肯定句：
主語(yǔ) + have/has + 動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞 + 其它
2.否定句：
主語(yǔ) + haven’t/hasn’t + 動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞 + 其它
3.一般疑問(wèn)句：
Have/Has + 主語(yǔ) + 動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞 + 其它
4.特殊疑問(wèn)句：
特殊疑問(wèn)詞 + have/has + 主語(yǔ) + 動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞 + 其它
例如：
She has played the piano for two hours.
She hasn’t played the piano for two hours.
— Has she played the piano for two hours?
— Yes, she has./ No, she hasn’t.
How long has she played the piano?
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現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的標(biāo)志詞的具體用法
1.already, just, ever, never, before, yet
(1)already 意為“已經(jīng)”
通常用于肯定句中，可放在助動(dòng)詞之后，過(guò)去分詞之前，也可以放在句末。
例如：He has already had breakfast.
(2) just 意為“剛剛”
表示行為剛剛過(guò)去，常放在助動(dòng)詞與過(guò)去分詞之間。
例如：My father has just finished his work.
(3)ever 意為“曾經(jīng)”
用于疑問(wèn)句或否定句中，放在助動(dòng)詞與過(guò)去分詞之間。例如：Have you ever visited the Great Wall?
(4) yet 用在疑問(wèn)句中意為“已經(jīng)”，用在否定句中意為“還”，常放在句末。
例如：
— Have you watched the movie yet?
— No. I haven’t watched it yet.
(5) never 意為“從來(lái)沒(méi)有”
多放在助動(dòng)詞與過(guò)去分詞之間，常與 before 連用。
例如：I have never been to such a beautiful place before.
(6) before 意為“以前”
指過(guò)去不確定的某個(gè)時(shí)間，總是放在句末，不受句型的限制。
例如：I haven’t been to Beijing before.
2.since 和 for
(1) since + 過(guò)去時(shí)間點(diǎn) / 過(guò)去時(shí)的從句。
例如：
Helen has lived in New York since 2015.
My brother has learned about 500 English words since he was five years old.
(2) for + 一段時(shí)間，其時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)常用 how long 提問(wèn)。
例如：
— How long have you cleaned yourroom?
— I have cleaned it for about two hours.
(3) since + 一段時(shí)間 + ago=for + 一段時(shí)間
例如：Jack has played basketball for three ( since three years ago).
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瞬間動(dòng)詞與延續(xù)動(dòng)詞
1.延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞表示能夠延續(xù)的動(dòng)作，可以與表示時(shí)間段的狀語(yǔ)連用；瞬間性不能延續(xù)的動(dòng)作，動(dòng)作一發(fā)生立即后通常不能跟時(shí)間段，若要跟時(shí)間段，將其轉(zhuǎn)化為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。
例如：
The movie has already begun for ten (錯(cuò)誤)
The movie has already begun. (正確)
The movie has already been on for ten (正確)
★在否定句中短暫性動(dòng)詞可與一段時(shí)間連用
例如：
I haven’t bought anything for one month.
2.延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞和非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的替換
begin(start)→be on
die →be dead
leave →be away (from) fall
ill(sick, asleep)→be ill(sick, asleep)
get up→be up
go out →be out
finish →be over
put on →wear 或 be on
open →be open
join →be in或 be a member of
close →be closed
go to school→be a student
borrow →keep
buy/get →have
catch(a cold)→ have(a cold)
get to know →know
begin to study→study
come to work→work
move to → live in
finish/end → be over
come to → be in
sit down → be seated
marry → be married
dress → be dressed
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三個(gè)have/has 句式的區(qū)別
1.have/has been to
表示“曾經(jīng)去過(guò)某地已經(jīng)不在那里了。可與 just, ever, never等連用。
例如：
I have ever been to Sany.
2.
意為“到某地去了”該人不在現(xiàn)場(chǎng)，一般不用第一、第二人稱(chēng)代詞作句子的主語(yǔ)。）。
例如：
Lily’s father has gone to Chengducome back in three days.
3.have/has been in
表示“在某地呆了某時(shí)間”，常與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用 since, for, how long 等，表示某人在某地多久。
例如：
Mark has been in China since two year.
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用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句子
1.It is the first/second time + that 句型中部分用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。
例如：
It is the first time that he has visited C
2.This is + 形容詞最高級(jí) + that 句型中部分用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。
例如：
This is one of the most ugliest facehave ever seen.
3.It is / It has been + 時(shí)間段 + since ...
例如：
It has been two years since we met last year.
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