2023年初中英語常用情態(tài)動詞的基本用法

常用情態(tài)動詞的基本用法

A. may和might

1.表示請求、許可，常譯為“可以”。

在口語中可用can, could代替may，但在正式場合用may。表示允許時，也可用might代替，might不表示過去時，而是表示口氣比較婉轉(zhuǎn)。

You may take this seat if you like.

如果你喜歡可以坐這個位置。

MayCan Could Might I have a talk with you

我可以和你談談嗎?

--- MayMight I come into the room to see my mother

我可以進房間看我母親嗎?

--- No, you mustn't. She needs to have a good rest.

不，你不能進。她需要好好休息。

提示：

May I ...問句常見的肯定回答和否定回答。

肯定回答

Yes, please.

Certainly.

Yes, of course.

Sure.

Go ahead, please.

否定回答

No, you can't.(最常見)

No, you mustn't.(具有強烈禁止的意思)

Please don't. You'd better not.

I don't think you can.

I'm sorry it's not allowed.

2.表示推測，可譯為“可能，也許”。

Your math teacher maymight be in his office. 你們的數(shù)學老師可能在辦公室里。(一般情況下，might表示的可能性很小)

The light isn't on. It maymight be broken.

那盞燈沒有亮，它可能壞了。

There may might be some ink left in the bottle.

瓶子里也許還剩點兒墨水。

注意：

用may表示推測一般不用于疑問句，在疑問句中通常用can來代替。

Can he be at home

他可能在家嗎?

--- Can it be true

這可能是真的嗎?

--- It may be, or may not be.

可能是，也可能不是。

3.用在目的狀語從句中，構(gòu)成謂語。

He wants to take a taxi so that he may get there in time.

他想坐出租車，這樣他就能及時到達那里。

I arrived at the airport earlier in order that I might meet him.

我早早地就到了機場為了能接到他。

4.有時可以用于祈使句表示祝愿。

May you succeed.

祝你成功

May you be happy.

祝你快樂。

May that day come soon.

希望這一天早日到來。

B. can和could

1.表示能力，可譯為“能，會”。

I can swim.我會游泳。

Emily can dance well and her mother could dance well when she was young.

艾米麗舞跳得很好，她媽媽年輕時舞跳得也很好。

The cinema can seat 1,000 people.

這電影院能容納1，000人。

I could not read such an easy book when I was 7 years old.

我七歲時連如此簡單的書我也看不懂。

2.表示允許、許可，常用在口語中。could比can語氣上要客氣。

--- Could I use your dictionary

我可以用一下你的字典嗎?

---Yes, go ahead.

可以，用吧。(或Yes, you can.但不能說Yes, you could.)

Could Can you tell me how to get to the zoo

勞駕，你能告訴我怎么去動物園嗎?

He asked me whether he could take the book out of the reading room.

他問我可不可以把書帶出閱覽室。

3.表示推測，可用于肯定句(can罕見)、否定句和疑問句，但更常見于疑問句或否定句。在此種用法中can和could沒有時態(tài)的區(qū)別，只是表示可能性的大小，can表示推測的可能性比could大。

Can he be ill at home

他會是生病在家嗎?

Can the story be true

這個故事會是真的嗎?

He cannot be at home.

他不可能在家。

You mustn't smoke while you are walking around in the woods. You could start a fire.

在林子里走時一定不要吸煙，那樣可能會引起火災。

4.表示驚異、懷疑、不相信等態(tài)度，主要用于否定句和疑問句中。

How can you be so careless

你怎么這么粗心?

Where can could they have gone

他們會去了哪里?

He can'tcouldn't be over sixty.

他不可能超過60歲。

5.Could可以用在虛擬條件句中。

If I could fly, I should be very happy.

如果我能飛，我會很高興。

If you had followed my advice, you could have finished it.

如果你當時聽我的，你早就做完了。

If you had tried harder, you could have passed your exam.

如果你再努力些，你就能通過考試了。

6.can與be able to的區(qū)別

①can表示“能力”時，和be able to相當，許多場合都可以互相替換。但當敘述過去經(jīng)過一番努力才能完成的事情或前面有特殊說明，表示你有能力時，只能用be able to。

【正】Can you speak any foreign languages

你會說外語嗎?

【正】Are you able to speak any foreign languages

你會說外語嗎?

【誤】The fire spread the building quickly but everybody could escape.

【正】The fire spread the building quickly but everybody was able to escape.

大火迅速蔓延到整幢大樓，但大家都逃了出來。

【正】The fire spread the building quickly but everybody managed to escape.

大火迅速蔓延到整幢大樓，但大家都想法逃了出來。

②be able to比can有更多形式。

No one could answer the question.

沒人能回答這個問題。(這里could可用was able to代替)

When he grows up, he will be able to support his family.

他長大后就能養(yǎng)家了。

Frank is ill. He hasn't been able to go to school for one week.

弗蘭克病了，已經(jīng)一周沒去上學了。

I'm sorry for not being able to help you in time.

對不起，不能及時幫你的忙。

③could經(jīng)常和動詞see, hear, smell, taste, feel, remember, understand等連用。

When we went into the house, we could smell something burning.

當我們走進屋子時，我們聞到什么東西燒焦了。(不用was able to)

She spoke in a very low voice, but I could understand what she said.

雖然她講話的聲音很低，但我還是明白了她說的話。

④在談論說話時發(fā)生的動作，用can，不用be able to。

【誤】Look! I'm able to swim.

【正】Look! I can swim.

看，我會游泳了!

C.must和have to

1.must表示有做某一動作的必要或義務，強調(diào)主觀看法，可譯為“必須，應該”。

Everyone must obey the rule.

人人都必須遵守制度。

We must do everything step by step.

我們必須逐步做每件事。

Teachers must be patient enough with their students.

老師必須對學生有足夠的耐心。

2.have to表示因客觀需要促使主語不得不做某事。

You can't turn right here. You have to turn left.

你不能在這里右拐，你必須左拐。

My eyesight is very poor. I have to wear glasses for reading.

我的視力很差，看書時不得不戴眼鏡。

You have to pass a test before you can get a driving licence.

你在取得駕照之前必須先通過考試。

提示：

在口語中，我們可以使用have got to來代替have to.

I've got to work on Sunday.

我不得不星期天工作。

When has Ann got to go

安必須什么時候走?

3.must與have to的比較。

must與have to在表示“必須”這個意思時意義相近，但在用法上有所區(qū)別。

①must含有說話者的強烈決意(表示主觀的看法)，have to則表示外力環(huán)境或習慣使然(即表示客觀的必要，作“不得不”解)。

I must study hard.

我必須努力學習。(發(fā)自內(nèi)心的決定)

I have to study hard.

我不得不努力學習。(外界因素逼迫)

You must stay for supper.

你必須留下來吃晚飯。(because I want you to)

You have to stay for supper.

你得留下來吃晚飯。(because there is nowhere else to go)

②must只有一種形式，而have to可有多種時態(tài)。

They had to put off the sports meet due to the bad weather.

由于壞天氣，他們不得不推遲運動會。

These last two days he has had to take a rest at home.

這兩天他必須一直在家休息。

③must的否定式和have to的否定式的意思完全不同。

You must keep it a secret. You mustn't tell anyone.

你必須保密，你不可以告訴任何人。(mustn't表示“禁止”)

You don't have to tell me the secret.你不必告訴我這個秘密。

(don't have to意思是“沒有必要”= don't need to)

4.must用于表示推測，它的肯定程度比may, might, could大得多，一般只用于肯定句。

①must do (這里的do通常是狀態(tài)動詞或系動詞)，表示對現(xiàn)在狀態(tài)的推測。

He must be very lazy for his desk is very untidy.

他肯定很懶，因為他的課桌很不整潔。

Carol must get very bored with her job. She does the same thing every day.

卡羅爾肯定對她的工作厭煩了，她每天都做同樣的事。

②must be doing表示對現(xiàn)在動作或狀態(tài)的推測。

Put on more clothes. You must be feeling cold with only a shirt on.

多穿點兒衣服，你只穿一件襯衣，肯定覺得冷。

③must have done表示對過去的動作或狀態(tài)的推測。

The ground is wet. It must have rained last night.

地面是濕的，昨晚肯定下雨了。

I didn't hear the phone. I must have been asleep.

我沒聽見電話鈴響，我一定是睡著了。

提示：

must表示推測只用于肯定句，否定句和疑問句要用can, could來代替must。

He's just had his lunch. He can't be hungry already.

他剛吃過午飯，不會餓的。

They have just arrived here. They can't know many people.

他們剛到這里，不可能認識很多人。

Leslie walked past me without speaking. He can'tcouldn't have seen me.

萊斯利從我身邊走過而沒打招呼，他肯定沒看見我。

5.must可用來表示根據(jù)邏輯推理必然要發(fā)生的事，可譯為“必然會，總是會”。

We all must die.

我們都會死。

Truth must be out.

真相必然會大白的。

Winter must be followed by spring.

冬天到了，春天還會遠嗎?

6.must有時可用來表示“偏偏”的意思。

Why must it rain today

為什么偏偏在今天下雨?

When I was taking a nap, a student must knock at the door.

正當我午睡時，偏偏一個學生在這個時候來敲門。

D.will和would

1.will和would可用于第二人稱疑問句，表示請求和建議等。would比will委婉客氣。

Will you have some tea

你喝點茶，好嗎?

Will you share your happiness with us

你可以把你的歡樂與我們共享嗎?

Would you pass this book to the student in the last row

請你把這本書傳給最后一排的學生好嗎?

必背：

WillWould you ...表示請求和建議的答復。

肯定回答

Yes, please.是的，請。

Certainly.當然可以。

Sure.當然了。

All right.好啊!

否定回答

I'm sorry. I can't.對不起，不行。

No, thank you.不，不行。

No, I won't.不，不行。

2.will和would可表示意志、愿望和決心，用于各種人稱陳述句。

I will do anything for you.

我愿為你做任何事。

I will never tell you the secret.

我永遠不會告訴你這個秘密。

None is so blind as those who won't see.

不愿看的人眼睛最瞎。

They would not let him in because he was poorly dressed.

他們不讓他進去因為他衣著破舊。

3.will和would可表示某種傾向或習慣性動作。will表示現(xiàn)在的習慣動作，would表示過去的習慣動作。

He will surf the Internet every night.

他每天晚上都在上網(wǎng)。

The boy will sit there hour after hour looking at the traffic go by.

那男孩常常坐在那兒好幾個鐘頭，看著車輛行人通過。

He would be nervous when he met strangers.

遇見陌生人時他總是很緊張。

In class he would ask some silly questions, and his classmates would laugh at him.

課上，他總是問一些蠢問題，他的同學們總是嘲笑他。

4.will可表示固執(zhí)堅持，這時will不可使用'll的簡略形式。用于非人稱主語時，表示物體的固有性質(zhì)和傾向。

I will take the job, and no one can stop me.

我就要這個工作，沒有人可阻止我。

He won't do what he's told.

他就是不愿按所吩咐的去做。

The window won't open.

窗子打不開。

This glass will not crack under heavy pressure.

這種玻璃在重壓下也不會破碎。

5.will表示將來時間時，不可用于條件狀語從句，但will表示意愿或決心時，可用于條件狀語從句。

If you will read the book, I'll lend it to you.

如果你愿意讀這本書，我會把它借給你。

If you will give up smoking, your health will improve.

如果你愿意把煙戒掉的話，你的健康狀況就會好轉(zhuǎn)。

6.will和would可表示推論或猜測。

The patient took the sleeping pills an hour ago. He will be asleep now.

病人一小時前吃的安眠藥，現(xiàn)在應該睡著了。

It would be about ten when he left home.

他大約在十點鐘離開的家。

I thought he would have told you about it.

我認為他已告知你此事。

It would be raining when she went home.

她回家時可能正在下雨。

比較：

Would you like ...表示邀請

Do you like ...表示習慣

——Do you like going go the cinema

你喜歡看電影嗎?

——Yes,I go to the cinema a lot.

是的，我經(jīng)常去看電影。

——Would you like to go to the cinema tonight

今天晚上去看電影好嗎?

——Yes,I'd love to.

非常樂意。

E.shall和should

1.shall

①表示征詢意見或請求指示，用于一、三人稱疑問句。

Shall I carry it for you

我來幫你搬它，好嗎?

Shall we sing a song

我們唱一支歌，好嗎?

Shall they wait outside

讓他們在外面等嗎?

Shall the waiter bring meals to your room

要服務員把飯送到你房間去嗎?

提示：

Shall I open the window

我打開窗子好嗎?

Will you open the window

你打開窗子好嗎?

Shall he open the window

他打開窗子好嗎?

②表示說話人的意愿，有“命令、允諾、警告、決心”等意思，用于第二、三人稱陳述句中。

You shall do as I say.

按我說的做。(命令)

He shall be sorry for it one day, I tell you.

我告訴你，總有一天他會后悔的。(警告)

You shall fall behind in your exam if you keep playing.

如果你一直玩，你就會在考試中落后。

Nothing shall stop us from carrying out the plan.

什么也阻止不了我們執(zhí)行這項計劃。(決心)

He shall have the book when I finish reading.

我看完這本書就給他看。(允諾)

I shall do my homework after reading this story book.

讀完這本故事書后我就做作業(yè)。

2.should

①表示義務，意為“應該”(某件事宜于做)，用于各種人稱。

Children should obey their parents.

兒童應該服從他們的父母。

One shouldn't be selfish.

人千萬別自私。

Customers who get bad service should complain, shouldn't they

沒有得到滿意服務的顧客應該抱怨，不是嗎?

②常與what, how, why等詞連用，表示意外、驚訝等情緒。

How should I know

我怎么會知道呢

Why should I fear

我為什么會害怕?

What should she do but cry for help

除了呼救外，她還能干什么?

I don't know why you should think I did it.

我真不知道你憑什么認為這件事是我干的。

③表示對過去、現(xiàn)在或?qū)�來情況的某種推測，可譯為“可能、照說應該”。

It should be fine tomorrow.

明天可能天是晴天。

He should be taking a bath now.

他可能在洗澡。

It's nearly seven o'clock. Jack should be here at any moment.

已經(jīng)快七點了，杰克隨時都可能到這兒。

The film should be very good as it is starring first-class actors.

這部新電影是一流演員主演的，估計拍得很好。

④表示對現(xiàn)在或以前的動作的責怪、批評(應做的事卻沒做)。

The boys shouldn't be playing football. They should be at school.

這些男孩子不應該在踢足球，他們應該在上課。

You shouldn't have entered the teachers' office without permission.

沒有允許你們不應該進老師辦公室。

F.ought to

1.表示義務，意為“應該”(因責任、義務而該做)，口氣比should稍重。

We ought to defend our country.

我們應當保衛(wèi)我們的國家。(每一個公民應盡的義務)

You ought to respect your parents.

你應當尊敬你的父母。

Oughtn't we to do everything possible to stop pollution

難道我們不應當盡可能地制止污染嗎?

2.表示推測，暗含很大的可能，可譯為“應該是，會是”。

Prices ought to come down soon.

價格可能會很快下跌。

Han Mei ought to know his telephone number.

韓梅該知道他的電話號碼。

There's a fine sunset; it ought to be a fine day tomorrow.

今天有晚霞，明天應該是個好天。

3.ought to和should一樣，表示對現(xiàn)在或以前應做的事卻沒做的責怪、批評。

You ought to be washing your clothes. Why are you playing Ping-Pong

你應該在洗衣服(可是你沒洗)。為什么你在打乒乓球?

You ought to have handed in the exercise last week.

你上周就應當交練習。(可你沒交，含責備的意思。)

He ought to have asked me before he took my bike.

他在用我自行車之前應該和我講一聲。

4.ought to與should的比較。

ought to和should的含義較近，但不完全相同。ought to表示“應該”，是從“義務”或“按理推斷”的角度來講的。should則是從說話人的個人看法這一角度來講的。

You are her mother. You ought to look after her.

你是她的母親，你應當照管她。(是道義上的責任，不能和should互換。)

We should encourage him for we are his classmates.

我們應該鼓勵他，我們是他的同班同學啊!

提示：

表示“義務”時，我們在口語中可以用had better或be supposed to來代替should和ought to。

If you are not well, you had better ask Alice to go instead.

如果你不舒服，你最好叫艾麗絲代替你去。

I'm supposed to be there at 8 o'clock.

我應該八點到那里。

G.used to

1.used to表示過去的習慣或過去某時期的狀況，但現(xiàn)在已不存在。

He used to drink tea but now he drinks coffee.

他過去總是喝茶但現(xiàn)在他喝咖啡了。(強調(diào)現(xiàn)在不喝茶了)

I know where there used to be a river here.

我知道這兒以前哪里有條河。(現(xiàn)在沒有河了)

When I was a child I didn't use to like tomatoes.

我小時候不喜歡吃西紅柿。

He is not what he used to be.

他已不是原來的他了。

Where did you use to live before you came here

來此之前你住在什么地方?

2.would和used to的用法區(qū)別。

①used to表示過去與現(xiàn)在或過去某時與后來的情況有不同，強調(diào)“現(xiàn)已無此習慣了”，而would只表示過去的情況，與現(xiàn)在無關。

When he was young, he would smoke a lot.

他年輕時總是吸許多煙。(不含有和現(xiàn)在比較，現(xiàn)在他也許還在抽，也許不抽了。)

He used to live in the country, but now he lives in the city.他過去住在鄉(xiāng)下，現(xiàn)在住在城里。

②used to可表示過去的習慣動作或狀態(tài)，而would只表示過去的習慣動作。

Kate used to be very thin.

以前凱特非常瘦。

There used to be a building at the street corner, but it has been pulled down.

街道拐角處過去有座樓房，現(xiàn)在拆了。(不用would)

③used to可泛指過去的習慣動作或狀態(tài)，而would表示過去的習慣動作時，往往要帶有一個特定的時間狀語。

【誤】We would play hide-and-seek in the fields.

【正】We used to play hide-and-seek in the fields.

我們過去常在田野里玩捉迷藏。

【正】Whenever we were in the country, we would play hide-and-seek in the fields.

每當我們在鄉(xiāng)下，我們都在田野里玩捉迷藏。

H.dare

dare既可用作情態(tài)動詞，也可用作行為動詞，指勇氣和膽量上的可能，可譯為“敢”。

1.情態(tài)動詞dare

①dare作為情態(tài)動詞時主要用于疑問句和否定句，一般不用于肯定句中。

I dare not daren't walk through the forest at night.

我不敢在黑夜穿過森林。

--- Dare you walk through the forest at night

你敢在黑夜穿過森林嗎?

--- Yes, I dare.

是的，我敢。

--- No, I daren't.

不，我不敢。

He dare not drive too fast on the rainy day.

下雨天他不敢開得太快。

He dared not do it last year.

去年他不敢做這事。(dare的過去時為dared)

②可以用于表示懷疑的名詞性從句中。

I wonder how he dare say such things.

我真奇怪他怎么竟敢說出這樣的話。

We don't know whether he dare climb the mountain.

我們不知道他是否敢爬那座山。

③可以用于條件狀語從句中。

If the enemy dare enter the village, we'll fight against them to the end.

如果敵人敢進入村里，我們就和他們戰(zhàn)斗到底。

If you dare cheat in your exam, I will give you some punishment.

如果你們敢在考試中作弊，我就懲罰你們。

2.行為動詞dare

①dare可以作為行為動詞，多用于肯定句中，但也可用在疑問句和否定句中

He will dare any danger.

他敢面對任何危險。

He dared me to jump over the stream.

他激我跳過小溪。

Did anyone dare to admit it

有人敢于承認嗎?

I have never dared (to) go back to take a look.

我再也不敢返回去看一眼了。(否定句中to可省略)

②和其他行為動詞一樣，dare在句子中要隨著主語的人稱和數(shù)發(fā)生變化。

He doesn't dare to walk at night.

他不敢走夜路。(作行為動詞)

He daren't walk at night.

他不敢走夜路。(作情態(tài)動詞)

Does he dare to walk at night

他敢走夜路嗎?(作行為動詞)

Dare he walk at night

他敢走夜路嗎?(作情態(tài)動詞)

He didn't dare to walk at night fifteen years ago.

15年前他不敢走夜路。(作行為動詞)

He daren't walk (=dared not walk) at night fifteen years ago.

15年前他不敢走夜路。(作情態(tài)動詞)

Will you dare to do the same experiment tomorrow

明天你敢做同樣的實驗嗎?(作行為動詞)

Dare you do the same experiment tomorrow?

明天你敢做同樣的實驗嗎?(作情態(tài)動詞)

必背：

英語口語中dare的幾個常用結(jié)構(gòu)：

●I dare say...

我想,大概,可能,或許……

I dare say things will improve.

我想情況會好轉(zhuǎn)的。

●How dare you ...

你怎么敢……?

How dare you ask me such a question

你怎么敢問我這樣的問題?

●I dare you ...

我諒你也不敢……

I dare you to tell your parents!

我諒你也不敢告訴你父母!

I.need

1.情態(tài)動詞need

need和dare一樣，作為情態(tài)動詞時，主要用于否定句和疑問句，一般不用于肯定句中(在肯定句中常被must, have to, ought to, should等情態(tài)動詞取代)。作為情態(tài)動詞，它的詞形只有need一種形式。

You needn't return the book now. You can keep it till next week if you like.　你現(xiàn)在不必還書， 如果愿意，你可以下周還。(needn't = don't have to)

Need I hand in my homework now

我現(xiàn)在就要交家庭作業(yè)嗎?

--- Need he finish the article next week

他要下個星期完成這篇文章嗎?

--- Yes, he must.

是的，他必須完成。

--- No, he needn't.

不，他不需要。(= he doesn't have to)

2.行為動詞need

need和dare一樣，也可以作行為動詞，可用于肯定句、否定句和疑問句中。行為動詞need有人稱和數(shù)的變化。

Plant needs water.

植物需要水。

My shirt needs a button.

我的襯衫需要一枚鈕扣。

My car needs repairing.

我的車該修理了。

He has grown up. We don't need to worry about him.

他已經(jīng)長大了，我們不必為他擔心。

You don't need to buy so many things for the picnic.

你不必為這次野餐買這么多東西。

Patience is needed for that job.

干那工作，需要耐心。

提示：

Need作為情態(tài)動態(tài)時，不要用于肯定句中。

【誤】She need do her homework by herself. (need作為情態(tài)動詞時，不用于肯定句中)

【正】She needs to do her homework by herself.

她該獨立完成家庭作業(yè)。

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